My Rational Pony - Pages 21 - 30

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  • It was essential for the ancient humans to eat everything they could find. But it usually causes problems in the contemporary society because people do not starve.
    21. Evolution and Obesity
  • Confirmation bias is one of the primary cognitive biases. If a person has no special training he or she would scarcely look for the refutations of his or her ideas.
    22. Confirmation Bias
  • The crowd effect is one of many examples of conformism when a person follows other people's actions and opinions.
    23. Crowd Effect
  • A drive for zero risk can lead to a desire for reducing even the smallest risks. It leads to a waste of resources and creates false sense of security because there are still other risks which can't be reduced to zero. Also reducing risks to zero can create new risks.
    24. Zero Risk Illusion
  • One does not simply say that an experiment confirms the hypothesis. Because if you say so it means the experiment makes the hypothesis more probable that any other explanation. But we can not check every possible hypothesis so you can say it in another way: the experiment shows that the hypothesis is more probable than the second most probable hypothesis.
    25. Congruence Bias
  • People can give a wrong answer if people around them also give some wrong answer.
    26. Conformity
  • Another cruel example of obedience to authority was Nanking Massacre, when a lot of people obeyed to the order of a prince to kill all captives.
    27. Оbedience to Authority
  • When a person gets a thing this item starts to look more valuable for the person than the similar item which is not owned.
    28. Endowment Effect
  • IKEA furniture assembling isn't the only area of appearance of the effect. People tend to put more value on any thing they created. Even if they only participated in the process of creation.
    29. IKEA Effect
  • Tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events can appear in different areas. For example, it can be control of luck by proxy, when a person uses a thing or a ritual to influence luck. The phenomenon can be explained in terms of a confusion between skill and chance situations. Or in terms of seeking to reassert control in conditions of chaos creating this illusion.
    30. Illusion of Control